Asụsụ Tewa
| Tewa | |
|---|---|
| A mụrụ ya | United States |
| Ógbè | New Mexico, Arizona |
| Agbụrụ | Ndị Tewa |
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala
|
1,600 (2007)[1] |
Ụgbụgbọ mmiri
| |
| Koodu asụsụ | |
| ISO 639-3 | tew
|
| Glottolog | tewa1261
|
| ELP | Tewa |
| Asụsụ | 64-CAB-a
|
 A na-ahazi Tewa dị ka nke doro anya na-eyi egwu site na UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in DangerAtlas nke Asụsụ Ụwa Na-anọ n'Ihe Iche Ndụ | |
| obere ụdị nke | Tanoan  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Njikota Obodo Amerika |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Arizona, Nú Mézíkọ |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 6b Threatened |
Tewa (IPA: [tewa]IPA: [tewa] [tewa]) bụ Asụsụ Tanoan nke ụfọdụ Ndị Pueblo na-asụ, karịsịa na ndagwurugwu Rio Grande na New Mexico n'ebe ugwu Santa Fe, na Arizona. IPA: [tewa]A makwaara ya dị ka Tano, [2] ma ọ bụ Tée-wah (nke ochie). E nwere ụfọdụ nghọtahie n'etiti ndị Tewa banyere ma Tewa kwesịrị inwe ụdị ederede ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, dịka ụfọdụ ndị okenye Pueblo kwenyere na asụsụ ha kwesịrị ichekwa naanị site na ọdịnala ọnụ. N'ihi nke a, ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ ndị 1960 ka e dere asụsụ ahụ na nke mbụ ya. Otú [3] dị, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tewa ekpebiela na ịgụ na ide nke Tewa bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ịgafe asụsụ ahụ, ya mere, e mepụtara orthographies maka nzube a.
Asụsụ ahụ agbalịwo ịnọgide na-enwe ndị ọkà okwu dị mma; Otú ọ dị, n'ihi mgbalị iji chekwaa asụsụ ahụ malite na 1980s - ma site n'aka ndị na-asụ asụsụ na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ - nsogbu a abụghị ihe jọgburu onwe ya dị ka ọ dị maka ụfọdụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ.
Tewa nwere nnukwu ndepụta foneme nwere ụda 45 dị iche iche. Iri na abụọ n'ime ndị a bụ ụdaume, nke nwere ike ịdị ogologo ma ọ bụ dị mkpirikpi. Tewa, dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Tanoan, na-ejikwa ụda olu, nke o nwere anọ.
Asụsụ na ojiji
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 1980 gụrụ 1,298 ndị na-asụ ya, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile na-asụrụ asụsụ abụọ na Bekee.
Taa, Endangered Languages Project na-eme atụmatụ ngụkọta nke ndị na-asụ 1,500 n'ụwa niile, na 1,200 n'ime ha na New Mexico pueblos na 300 na obodo Arizona nke Hano. N'ime ndị ọkà okwu a, ole na ole na-asụ nke ọma na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-asụrụ ọkara, ọ bụkwa naanị n'ebe ole na ole, dị ka Hano, ka ụmụaka na-enweta Tewa. Obodo kachasị ukwuu [4] New Mexico, San Juan, enwere naanị ndị na-asụ asụsụ 30 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2008.
- Santa Clara Pueblo: 207 speakers (1980)[Tinye edensibịa]
[5] ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, UNESCO kọwara Tewa dị ka "nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" na New Mexico.
N'aha "Pojoaque" na "Tesuque", [ɡe] na-asụ "que" (nke a na-akpọ ihe dị ka [ɡe] na Tewa, ma ọ bụ /ki/ na Bekee) bụ Tewa maka "ebe".
Enwere ike ide Tewa na mkpụrụedemede Latin; a na-eji nke a eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ebumnuche dị ka ihe ịrịba ama ("parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"gloss","href":"./Template:Gloss"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Welcome"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwMw" typeof="mw:Transclusion">'"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"tew"},"2":{"wt":"Be-pu-wa-ve"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwMQ" title="Tewa (USA)-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Be-pu-wa-ve 'Welcome', ma ọ bụ sen-ge-de-ho 'Bye'). [6]'ihi na e mepụtara usoro mkpụrụedemede na pueblos dị iche iche, Tewa nwere ụdị orthographies dị iche iche karịa otu mkpụrụedemede.
Nchịkọta aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tewa nwere usoro aha iji chọpụta nke ahịrịokwu aha na-aga n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, agbanyeghị nke a na-emetụta naanị ahịrịokwu na-adịghị agafe agafe. Na Tewa, nke a bụ ọdịiche dị mfe n'etiti ahịrịokwu aha animate na nonanimate.
Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nwere usoro aha, dị ka Navajo, Tewa na-ejikwa postposition -dí, nke pụtara na ọ dịghị mkpa ịrapara na usoro aha ahụ dịka ozi ahụ adịlarị na-edepụta na ahịrịokwu. N'ihi nke a, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tewa na-eto eto anaghị eji usoro aha ma na-adabere na ọdịdị dị na ahịrịokwu na-adịghị agafe agafe. [7]
Nọmba ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tewa, dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Tanoan, nwere usoro ọnụọgụ atọ, nke pụtara na enwere ike ịgụta aha site na nhazi okwu dị iche iche n'ụzọ atọ. N'asụsụ Bekee, ọdịiche dị na morphosyntactic dị naanị maka ọnụọgụ abụọ: otu na ọtụtụ. Tewa, n'aka nke ọzọ na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu, abụọ, na ọtụtụ aha.
Otú ọ dị, Tewa na-egosikwa na ọ na-achịkọta aha ya n'ụdị abụọ: ndị nke "set" na "entities", na setịpụrụ akara /-n/ na ndị na-enweghị affix ahụ. N'ihi nke a, mgbe ị na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe site na otu ihe, a ga-ewepụ ntinye /-n/ na mgbọrọgwụ isi ga-abụ nke a na-adịghị ahụ n'èzí ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ duality.
Tewa nwekwara ihe a na-akpọ "inverse" numbering, nke bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ asụsụ Tanoan. Chaatị nke isiokwu ndị a na-amaghị ama maka "a, ụfọdụ" nwere ike inye aka igosi ihe omume a:
| Otu | Abụọ | Ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Klas nke Mbụ | ya na ya | wên | wên |
| Klas nke Abụọ | wên | wên | ya na ya |
| Klas nke Atọ | ya na ya | wên | ya na ya |
Dị ka a hụrụ, nke na-egosi otu maka otu klas na-egosi ọtụtụ maka klas ọzọ na vice versa.
Nweghachi asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Esther Martinez, onye dịrị ndụ ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 94, bụ onye a ma ama na mba ahụ maka mkpebi ya ichekwa asụsụ Tewa. [8] E bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya San Juan Pueblo Tewa n'afọ 1982. [9] na-akpọ Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act aha ya, ma malite na Septemba 15, 2012, ndị otu ndị nnọchi anya New Mexico ewebatala iwu iji gbasaa mmemme ahụ ruo afọ ise ọzọ.[needs update]
[10] na-enweta mmemme asụsụ Tewa maka ụmụaka n'ọtụtụ obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tewa. [2] [11] Clara Pueblo Tewa Language Revitalization Program [12]-akwadokwa ọrụ ọdịnala, dị ka ileta Crow Canyon.
[13][14]Mahadum nke New Mexico etinyela akụkọ ụmụaka na Tewa, ma dị n'ịntanetị.
[15] nkiri ihe nkiri nke afọ 2012, The Young Ancestors, na-eso otu ìgwè ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma si Santa Fe Preparatory School ka ha na-amụta asụsụ Tewa na mmemme ọmụmụ onwe onye site n'enyemaka nke onye nduzi, onye nkuzi akwụkwọ nke asaa Laura Kaye Jagles.
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]ụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti. [16] (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị icheụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti. [17] (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị iche..
- ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tewa (Tano) Language and the Tewa Indian Tribes (Nambe, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, and Tesuque Pueblos). Retrieved on 2012-09-27."Tewa (Tano) Language and the Tewa Indian Tribes (Nambe, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, and Tesuque Pueblos)". Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "native-languages" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Tano/Tewa Indian Language. Retrieved on 2023-01-29.
- ↑ Endangered languages project. Retrieved on 2022-04-11.
- ↑ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger. Retrieved on 2012-09-29.
- ↑ Ashworth (2006). "On Nanbé Tewa Language Ideologies". Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics 18. Retrieved on 2012-09-27.
- ↑ Kroskrity (1978). "Aspects of Syntactic and Semantic Variation within the Arizona Tewa Speech Community". Anthropological Linguistics 20: 235–257.
- ↑ Lamb. "Esther Martinez, 94", Washington Post, 2006-09-19. Retrieved on 2012-09-27.
- ↑ "Legislation aims to preserve native languages", The Santa Fe New Mexican, 2012-09-15. Retrieved on 2012-09-27.
- ↑ Poeh Center. Retrieved on 2012-09-27.
- ↑ Jacobs (August 29, 1998). "Multimedia Technology in Language and Culture Restoration Efforts at San Juan Pueblo: A Brief History of the Development of the Tewa Language Project". Wíčazo Ša Review 13 (2): 45–58. DOI:10.2307/1409145.
- ↑ "Language preservation educators, students, and staff visit Crow Canyon", Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 2009-09-25. Retrieved on 2012-09-27.
- ↑ Tewa. Lake Forest College.
- ↑ American Indians in Children's Literature (AICL): Pueblo Stories--in Tewa--Digitized at the University of New Mexico (6 March 2012). Retrieved on 2012-09-27.
- ↑ Wright. "Santa Fean's film captures Native teens' effort to help preserve language", Santa Fe New Mexican, July 10, 2015.
- ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
- ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1966). Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdịdị nke Rio Grande Tewa. (Nkwupụta doctoral, SUNY Buffalo).
- Martinez, Esther (1982). San Juan Pueblo Tewa Dictionary. San Juan Pueblo Bilingual Program, San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Harrington (1910). "A brief description of the Tewa language". American Anthropologist 12 (4): 497–504. DOI:10.1525/aa.1910.12.4.02a00030.
- Harrington (1916). The ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians. Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
- Henderson (1914). Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
- Ortman (2012). Winds from the North: Tewa Origins and Historical Anthropology. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1-60781-172-5.
- Robbins (1916). Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. Govt. Printing Office. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asụsụ Tano/Tewa Indian
- Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Tewa
- Asụsụ Tewa-SantaFedia
- Agba Ọhụrụ na Tewa
- Akwụkwọ nyocha na Tewa E debere ya na Wayback Machine
Templeeti:Languages of ArizonaTempleeti:Languages of New MexicoTempleeti:Tanoan languages